Friday, January 27, 2023

In Vino Veritas

"Indeed, the idea that drunkenness reveals the ‘true’ self, though ancient and universal, is perhaps most famously expressed by the Latin in vino veritas, ‘in wine there is truth.’ This perceived link between honesty and drunkenness goes back to the Greeks,” (Drunk: How we sipped, danced, and stumbled our way to civilization, Edward Slingerland, p. 141)

Titian's vision of an ancient Greek feast of Bacchus, God of Wine. A favorite example of Edward Slingerland, used on the cover of his book.

It’s Dry January. The first Dry January was in 2012. This month-long event started small and now it’s big. Popular culture embraces an extreme solution for everyone, whether they have a problem with alcohol or not. Recent news articles promoting paranoia about the most moderate of drinking strike me as evidence of a continuing streak of puritanism that plagues American society. Sure, it doesn’t hurt anyone to give up alcohol, but it hurts society to refuse to acknowledge its benefits as well as its risks. It might be worthwhile to create a responsible, not hysterical, assessment of how they stack up. Prohibition a century ago didn’t accomplish its goals and contributed to the growth of organized crime, alcoholism, and other undesirable results.

As a society, we aren’t viewing this issue rationally. Here’s a book that tries to put alcohol in historic and evolutionary perspective, and look for the benefits of alcohol use as well as the negative effects. 


This is a very complex and detailed book, and I can't begin to describe all of the arguments that author Edward Slingerland gives in support of the hypothesis that alcohol and other stimulants contributed to the development of civilization, of social cohesion, and of technological progress in human history. For these accomplishments, both now and historically, he says, humans need what he calls "the Three Cs: we are required to be creative, cultural, and communal." (p. 77). 

Drinking alcoholic beverages, he says, has contributed to all three of these requirements. I can't try to reproduce his discussion: I strongly suggest that you read the book to see this fascinating exploration of history, evolution, and adaptation.

Both good and bad results come from drinking alcohol; Slingerland summarizes the risks: 
 
"An alcoholic beverage typically provides calories but little nutritional value, and is made from otherwise valuable, and historically scarce, grains or fruit. Its consumption impairs cognition and motor skills, damages the liver, kills off brain cells, and fuels ill-advised dancing, flirting, fighting, and even more louche behaviors. In small doses, it can make us happy and more sociable. But increased consumption quickly leads to slurred speech, violent arguments, maudlin expressions of love, inappropriate touching, or even karaoke." (p. 11).

But he also states the following:

"This book argues that, far from being an evolutionary mistake, chemical intoxication helps solve a number of distinctively human challenges: enhancing creativity, alleviating stress, building trust, and pulling off the miracle of getting fiercely tribal primates [humans] to cooperate with strangers. The desire to get drunk, along with the individual and social benefits provided by drunkenness, played a crucial role in sparking the rise of the first large-scale societies. We could not have civilization without intoxication." (p. 17). 

Alcohol use, the author shows, predates much of human evolution. He describes how even primates and certain other animals intentionally consume over-ripe fruit that has begun to turn alcoholic, and offers evidence that early humans brewed alcoholic beverages from pre-agricultural plant matter. In fact, he ascribes one of the motives for domesticating grain in prehistory to producing something to ferment into beer! (This is known as the beer-before-bread hypothesis.)

In ancient China, in ancient Turkey, in ancient Greece, and many other prehistoric sites, there is evidence that alcohol was part of life: 

"Jars containing our earliest documented alcoholic beverage—a 'Neolithic grog,' made of honey mead, rice beer, and fruit wine—from the Jiahu tomb (7000 to 6000 BCE) in the Yellow River Valley, were 'carefully placed near the mouths of the deceased, perhaps for easier drinking in the hereafter,' and the contents were no doubt also imbibed by those performing and attending the funeral." (p. 156).  

Potsherd from Göbekli Tepe, Turkey (p. 156)

"Indirect evidence of the ancient connection between chemical intoxication, ritual, and ecstasy is found in a remarkable potsherd, dating back to the early Neolithic (ninth millennium BCE), and found at a site in what is now modern-day Turkey not far from Göbekli Tepe. It shows two joyful individuals being accompanied in dance by a turtle, the presence of a dancing animal being interpreted by scholars as a sign of 'altered states of consciousness.'” (p. 156).

Slingerland argues that collective benefits to society, to creativity, and to individual satisfaction for moderate and controlled drinking, especially drinking of low-alcohol beverages like wine and beer (but not distilled spirits) outweigh the purported benefits of total abstinence:

"All things considered—liver damage, calories, and all—a spot of social drinking is good for you, and this has nothing to do with any French paradox or narrow health benefit. Moderate, social drinking brings people together, keeps them connected to their communities, and lubricates the exchange of information and building of networks. We social apes would find it very challenging to do without it, both individually and communally." (p. 206). 

Here is an example of Slingerland's approach to studies that conclude that drinking is unequivocally bad for everyone and bad for society:

"Demonized from the early modern era well into the twentieth century as the “poisonous tap-root” of all evil, alcohol won back some utilitarian respectability with research suggesting that moderate alcohol consumption—on the order of one to two drinks a day—might reduce risks of heart disease, diabetes, or strokes. As we have noted, though, practicing physicians have never been terribly impressed by this body of research, and have resisted actively recommending light drinking in the same way they do, for instance, regular exercise. The health-based defense of alcohol finally suffered a massive body blow from the 2018 Lancet article that has haunted our discussion, a terrible document that concluded definitively that the only safe level of alcohol consumption was zero. As mentioned above, responses to the Lancet study ranged from a predictable 'I told you so' from the teetotaler crowd to those wanting to challenge the methodology and salvage some health benefits for alcohol. An alternative tack is the one taken in this chapter: uncovering or drawing attention to the various ways in which alcohol continues to serve important individual and social functions, the value of which must be weighed against the more obvious health risks." (pp. 227-228).

Drunk is a readable book because it's so full of highly specific examples; however, this makes it hard to review and summarize. In addition to alcohol, the author adds observations about other similar intoxicants. Consider this, for example:

"The anthropologist Dwight Heath, a pioneer of the study of the social function of alcohol, notes that it has always played a crucial bonding function in situations where otherwise isolated individuals are required to get along—sailors in port, loggers just having come out of the woods, cowboys gathering at a saloon. ... Other chemical intoxicants have also been used to create the particularly intense form of social bonding required for warriors. An early Spanish missionary to the New World noted that some indigenous groups used peyote before heading out to war. 'It spurs them to fight with no thought of fear, thirst, or hunger,' he reported. 'And they say that it protects them from all danger.' The battle rage of the legendary 'beserkers' of Norse legend was likely driven by psychedelics, and the feared assassins of ancient Persia derived their name (Persian hashashiyan, Arabic hashīshiyyīn) from the intoxicant from which they drew their fighting spirit, hashish." (p. 145-147)

I found many interesting and significant insights into the uses and abuses of alcohol in this very penetrating study of a subject that in some ways is almost taboo! A major conclusion:

"We cannot properly grasp the dynamics of human social life unless we understand the role that intoxicants have played in making civilization possible." (p. 303).


Somehow, the book didn’t mention the iconic function of
alcohol in the famous St.Bernard snow rescues.

Review © 2023 mae sander.


18 comments:

  1. America embraces extremes - the middle way is not our way so balance is also not our way. You have to find that for yourself.

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  2. Humans have long abused alcohol. Of course, those who drink moderately don't get press!
    There are flaws with the most recent study, as well. I heard a very interesting Prof who studies it, and analysed the study.
    I don't know their hidden agenda.

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  3. It's perplexing. A substance with amazingly good and bad properties. Because I have had family and friends die and almost-die from alcohol use, and because I have family and friends who are able to love alcohol without it ruining their lives, I have confusing feelings about it. (I wonder if everyone has had similar experiences or if it is because my family has a genetic predisposition to alcohol trouble.)

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  4. What an interesting sounding book. I need to share this one with my Corkies! It does seem extreme, Dry January. We didn't do Dry January as such -- but realized we really hadn't had wine since Twelfth Night!

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  5. We have a drink every night, which goes with my belief that everything in moderation is good for you.

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  6. I drink rarely. The highlights of those rare occasions are the beautiful conversations they trigger.

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  7. Yes, I saw a docu on how animals know when fruit are ready to consume to get drunk.
    Which again shows we are BEINGS.

    Saw another on the Egyptians where beer was "money" for the workers.

    In Bavaria it is normal to have a beer at work for lunch!!!!!
    In my old company and also at SIEMENS the have beer and sparkling wine for "in case".

    Schnapps I tried once and never again and I said no to (free) cannabis-cakes. Boy, I´m such a bore ;-)

    But yes to beer! Hmmm, Pale Ale is a good one. Or with honey... no dark ones, though.
    I could not "invent" anything after a Guinness... or flirt or...
    Luckily the pub was near my home and Ingo and I after one of those (one!) went home and fell asleep.

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  8. Hello, Mae

    Interesting book and review. I do enjoy my glass of red wine, needless to say I did not have a dry January! I like the St Bernard funny! Thank you for linking up and sharing your post. Take care, have a great weekend. PS, thank you for leaving me a comment.

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  9. Hello Mae :=)
    It's lunch time here in Portugal, and I'm sipping a glass of red wine, which my doctor once told me was good for me. I also have my G & T at 6. 30. I have never been drunk in my life.
    Moderation is the key to both eating and drinking with the occasional binge, like Christmas. I have never thought much about it, but ancient history tells us that alcohol drinking was a social occurrence. It was interesting to read about primates eating over ripe fruit and Edward Singletons theories about the development of civilisation," Drunk" seems like a very interesting read, and I shall look for it.
    All the best.

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  10. I have wine every night but have been cutting back.

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  11. Mae,
    You do find the most interesting books. This sounds fascinating and worth a read! Thanks.

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  12. That's a fascinating argument. All-or-nothing thinking is my most frequent logical fallacy and I blame my American upbringing, steeped in Puritanism.

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  13. The Canadian government just issued the most ridiculous guidelines for alcohol. You would think they didn't want the taxes they get for liquor!
    The guidelines, released last Tuesday by the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (CCSA), state that no amount of alcohol is safe and recommends no more than two drinks a week for men and women, as alcohol-related deaths soar in Canada.

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  14. Interesting book and review.

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  15. This sounds like such an interesting book! We are wine lovers and have it almost every night with dinner... no Dry January here. Funny story to share - one year my BIL (a red wine lover)gave it up for lent. At Easter, he declared he would never do that again because "it's supposed to be lent, not hell!"

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  16. I was fascinated by this book. My great aunt who was a medical doctor, had exactly two beers every evening. I drink a stout beer maybe once every three years or so and I don't like the taste of wine. Tastes like vinegar to me. I really enjoyed your take on this book and review.

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  17. You really dissected this book nicely, and it sounds like a good read on the history of the use or misuse of alcohol. Does this clump all humans as civilized because of intoxication? Baroque paintings in the homes of the rich show a life of idle intoxication, while Baroque paintings in the homes of the lower classes display a totally different way of life. The use of this painting for the book cover is a bit misleading of life in general.

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  18. what an interesting concept! I'd never have thought of alcohol as being the basis of civilisation :=)

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